A plasmid is a small, circular DNA molecule found in bacteria and some eukaryotes, capable of independent replication and often used in genetic engineering to transfer genes between cells. Plasmids play a crucial role in horizontal gene transfer, antibiotic resistance, and biotechnology applications such as cloning and gene therapy.

Plasmid

plasmid

circular DNA molecule

independent replication

Genetic engineering is the deliberate modification of an organism's genetic material using biotechnology to alter its characteristics or capabilities. It holds significant potential in fields such as medicine, agriculture, and environmental science, but also raises ethical and safety concerns regarding its impact on ecosystems and human health.

genetic engineering

transfer genes

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is a process by which organisms transfer genetic material to each other in a manner other than traditional reproduction, significantly contributing to genetic diversity and evolution. It plays a crucial role in the spread of antibiotic resistance among bacteria and the adaptation of organisms to new environments.

horizontal gene transfer

Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria evolve mechanisms to withstand the drugs designed to kill them, leading to infections that are harder to treat and increasing the risk of disease spread, severe illness, and death. This phenomenon is accelerated by the overuse and misuse of antibiotics in humans and animals, posing a significant threat to global health, food security, and development.

antibiotic resistance

Biotechnology applications leverage biological systems and organisms to develop products and technologies that improve human health, agriculture, and environmental sustainability. These applications span various fields, including medicine, agriculture, and industrial processes, and are pivotal in addressing global challenges such as disease, food security, and climate change.

biotechnology applications

Cloning is a process of creating a genetically identical copy of an organism, cell, or DNA sequence, which can be naturally occurring or artificially induced. It raises ethical, biological, and technological questions, particularly regarding biodiversity, genetic diversity, and the potential for medical advancements.

cloning

Gene therapy is a revolutionary medical technique that involves modifying or manipulating genes within an individual's cells to treat or prevent disease. This approach holds the potential to correct genetic disorders, enhance immune responses, and provide long-lasting therapeutic effects by directly targeting the underlying genetic causes of diseases.

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