Pillai's Trace is a multivariate statistical test used to determine the significance of the effect of one or more independent variables on multiple dependent variables simultaneously. It is particularly robust against violations of assumptions like homogeneity of covariance matrices, making it a preferred choice in MANOVA analyses when assumptions are not met.

Pillai's Trace

multivariate statistical test

significance of the effect

Independent variables are factors or conditions that are manipulated or categorized to determine their effect on dependent variables in an experiment or study. They are essential for establishing cause-and-effect relationships and are crucial in hypothesis testing and experimental design.

independent variables

Dependent variables are the outcomes or responses that researchers measure in an experiment to assess the effect of independent variables. They provide insight into causal relationships by reflecting changes that occur due to manipulations in the experimental setup.

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