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Fluid mechanics is the branch of physics that studies the behavior of fluids (liquids and gases) and the forces acting on them. It is fundamental in understanding phenomena in engineering, meteorology, oceanography, and biology, where fluid flow is crucial.
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Positive displacement pumps move fluids by trapping a fixed amount and forcing (displacing) that trapped volume into the discharge pipe. They are ideal for applications requiring precise flow control and are effective for high-viscosity fluids or when a consistent flow rate is needed despite varying pressures.
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A Non-Newtonian fluid is a fluid whose viscosity changes with the applied stress or strain rate, unlike a Newtonian fluid where the viscosity remains constant regardless of the applied force. These fluids exhibit a variety of behaviors, such as shear thinning, shear thickening, and viscoelasticity, making them crucial in industries like food processing, cosmetics, and materials science.
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Drilling fluid properties are critical for optimizing drilling performance, ensuring wellbore stability, and minimizing environmental impact. Key properties include density, viscosity, and filtration control, which must be carefully managed to balance pressure, carry cuttings, and prevent fluid loss in the formation.
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The degree of polymerization (DP) is a measure of the number of monomeric units in a polymer chain, which directly influences the polymer's physical properties such as strength, toughness, and viscosity. Higher degrees of polymerization typically result in polymers with enhanced mechanical and thermal properties, making DP a critical parameter in polymer synthesis and application design.
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Viscous forces are internal frictional forces within a fluid that resist the relative motion between different layers of the fluid. These forces are crucial in determining the flow behavior of fluids and are characterized by the fluid's viscosity, which quantifies its resistance to deformation or flow.
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A velocity profile describes how fluid velocity varies with distance across a flow channel, crucial for understanding flow characteristics in fluid dynamics. It is essential for predicting flow behavior, calculating shear stress, and designing efficient fluid systems in engineering applications.
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Polymer properties are determined by the polymer's molecular structure, including its chain length, branching, and the nature of its monomers, which collectively influence characteristics like elasticity, strength, and thermal stability. Understanding these properties is crucial for tailoring polymers for specific applications, from everyday materials like plastics to advanced uses in aerospace and medicine.
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Mean free path is the average distance a particle travels between collisions in a medium, reflecting the medium's density and the particle's cross-sectional area. It is a crucial parameter in understanding transport phenomena in gases, plasmas, and other systems where particles move freely between interactions.
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Polymer chain length refers to the number of repeating units, or monomers, in a polymer molecule, significantly influencing its physical and chemical properties. It affects characteristics such as strength, flexibility, melting temperature, and solubility, making it a critical factor in polymer design and application.
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Fluid properties are the characteristics that define the behavior and interaction of fluids, including liquids and gases, under various conditions. Understanding these properties is essential for applications across engineering, physics, and environmental science, as they influence fluid dynamics, heat transfer, and material processing.
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The velocity gradient is a measure of how the velocity of a fluid changes at different points in space, typically perpendicular to the flow direction. It is a crucial concept in fluid dynamics as it helps in understanding shear rates and the effects of viscosity in fluid flow behavior.
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Injection molding is a manufacturing process used to produce parts by injecting molten material into a mold, allowing for high-volume production of complex shapes with excellent precision. This method is widely used in various industries due to its efficiency, repeatability, and ability to work with a wide range of materials, including plastics, metals, and ceramics.
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The Kolmogorov scale represents the smallest scale of turbulence in a fluid flow, where viscous forces dominate and kinetic energy is dissipated into heat. It is crucial for understanding the energy cascade process in turbulent flows and is determined by the viscosity and the rate of energy dissipation per unit mass.
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Enclosed fluid refers to a fluid that is contained within a boundary, such as a vessel or a pipeline, where its behavior is governed by principles of fluid dynamics and pressure equilibrium. The study of Enclosed fluids is crucial in understanding systems like hydraulic machinery, pneumatic systems, and biological circulatory systems.
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Extrusion temperature is a critical parameter in the extrusion process that affects the material's viscosity, flow characteristics, and final properties of the extruded product. Proper control of Extrusion temperature ensures optimal processing conditions, preventing defects and achieving desired mechanical and structural properties in the final product.
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The melt flow index (MFI) is a measure of the ease of flow of a thermoplastic polymer melt, indicating the material's viscosity under specific conditions of temperature and pressure. It is crucial for determining the processing characteristics of polymers and is widely used in quality control and material selection in the plastics industry.
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Fluid flow is the movement of liquid or gas particles in response to forces such as pressure differences, gravity, and external fields, characterized by velocity, pressure, and density variations. Understanding Fluid flow is crucial in numerous applications, from engineering systems like pipelines and aircraft to natural phenomena like ocean currents and atmospheric circulation.
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Thermoplastic materials are polymers that become pliable or moldable above a specific temperature and solidify upon cooling, allowing for easy shaping and recycling. They are widely used in manufacturing due to their versatility, durability, and ability to be reshaped multiple times without significant chemical change.
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A viscometer is an instrument used to measure the viscosity of a fluid, which is a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow. It is essential in industries like food, cosmetics, and petrochemicals to ensure product consistency and quality control.
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Volumetric flow rate is the volume of fluid that passes through a given surface per unit time, typically measured in cubic meters per second (m³/s) or liters per minute (L/min). It is a crucial parameter in fluid dynamics, engineering, and various industrial applications, as it helps in designing systems for efficient fluid transport and management.
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Non-Newtonian fluids are substances that do not follow Newton's law of viscosity, meaning their viscosity can change under force or over time. These fluids exhibit unique behaviors such as shear thinning, shear thickening, or viscoelasticity, making them essential in various industrial and scientific applications.
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Transport properties describe how particles, energy, or momentum move through a medium, reflecting the medium's response to external forces or gradients. They are crucial in fields like physics, chemistry, and engineering, influencing the design and analysis of materials and systems across various applications.
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Viscous effects refer to the resistance to flow within a fluid due to internal friction between its molecules, significantly impacting the fluid's motion and energy dissipation. These effects are critical in determining the behavior of fluids in various applications, from industrial processes to natural phenomena, and are characterized by the fluid's viscosity, which is a measure of its resistance to deformation.
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The viscosity index (VI) is a measure of a fluid's change in viscosity relative to temperature changes, indicating its stability under varying thermal conditions. A higher VI signifies that the fluid maintains a more consistent viscosity over a range of temperatures, which is crucial for applications requiring reliable performance, such as in lubricants for engines and machinery.
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Glass production involves melting raw materials like silica sand, soda ash, and limestone at high temperatures to form a molten glass, which is then shaped and cooled to create various glass products. This process requires precise control of temperature and composition to ensure the desired properties such as transparency, strength, and thermal resistance.
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Film formation is the process by which a continuous, cohesive film is created from a liquid or semi-liquid material, often involving the evaporation of a solvent or the coalescence of polymer particles. This process is critical in applications such as coatings, paints, and adhesives, where the film's properties determine the performance and durability of the final product.
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Foam expansion refers to the process where gas bubbles are dispersed in a liquid or solid matrix, causing an increase in volume and a decrease in density. This phenomenon is crucial in various applications, from industrial manufacturing to culinary arts, where controlling the stability and properties of foam is essential for desired outcomes.
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The continuous phase is the medium in which dispersed particles or droplets are distributed, forming the matrix of a colloidal system. It plays a crucial role in determining the properties and behavior of the system, such as stability, viscosity, and interaction with the dispersed phase.
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Viscous flow refers to the type of fluid motion where the internal friction within the fluid, due to its viscosity, significantly influences its behavior and flow characteristics. It is crucial in understanding how fluids resist deformation and the energy dissipation during flow, impacting applications from lubrication to aerodynamics.
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