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Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) is a digital representation of an analog signal where the magnitude of the signal is sampled regularly at uniform intervals, then quantized to a series of symbols in a digital code. It is the standard form of digital audio in computers, compact discs, digital telephony, and other digital audio applications, offering high fidelity and noise immunity.
Sampling rate, also known as sample rate, is the number of samples of audio carried per second, measured in Hertz (Hz), and it determines the frequency range that can be accurately represented in digital audio. A higher Sampling rate allows for a more accurate representation of the original sound wave, but it also requires more data storage and processing power.
Quantization is the process of converting a continuous range of values into a finite range of discrete values, often used in digital signal processing to approximate analog signals. It introduces quantization error, which is the difference between the actual analog value and the quantized digital value, impacting the precision and accuracy of the representation.
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Bit depth refers to the number of bits used to represent each pixel or sample in a digital image or audio file, determining the range of possible values and thus the precision and quality of the representation. Higher Bit depths allow for more detailed and accurate color or sound representation, reducing quantization errors and increasing dynamic range.
The Nyquist Theorem, also known as the Nyquist-Shannon sampling theorem, states that a continuous signal can be completely represented in its sampled form and perfectly reconstructed if it is sampled at a rate greater than twice its highest frequency component. This principle is fundamental in digital signal processing and ensures that no information is lost during the analog-to-digital conversion process.
Digital Signal Processing (DSP) involves the manipulation of signals to improve or modify their characteristics, enabling efficient data transmission, storage, and analysis. It is fundamental in various applications like audio and speech processing, telecommunications, and control systems, leveraging algorithms to perform operations such as filtering, compression, and feature extraction.
Analog-to-Digital Conversion (ADC) is the process of converting continuous analog signals into discrete digital numbers, enabling digital systems to process real-world signals. This conversion is crucial for digital devices to interpret and manipulate data from the physical world, such as sound, temperature, and light, with applications spanning from audio recording to sensor data processing.
Digital-to-Analog Conversion (DAC) is the process of transforming digital signals, which are represented by binary numbers, into continuous analog signals that can be interpreted by analog devices. This conversion is crucial in applications where digital data needs to be output as sound, video, or other analog forms, ensuring accurate representation and quality of the original signal.
Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) is a measure used to compare the level of a desired signal to the level of background noise, often expressed in decibels. A higher SNR indicates a clearer and more distinguishable signal, which is crucial for effective communication and data processing in various fields such as telecommunications and audio engineering.
Dynamic range refers to the ratio between the largest and smallest values that a system can process, capture, or reproduce without distortion. It is crucial in fields like audio, photography, and imaging, as it determines the ability to capture detail in both highlights and shadows or to reproduce sound without noise or distortion.
The Compact Disc (CD) is an optical disc storage format that was co-developed by Philips and Sony in the late 1970s and became widely popular in the 1980s for digital audio storage and later for data storage. Its introduction revolutionized the music industry by providing a durable, high-quality digital alternative to analog formats like vinyl records and cassette tapes.
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