Othering is a sociological and psychological process where a group or individual is defined and labeled as not fitting within the norms of a dominant group, often leading to marginalization and discrimination. It reinforces power dynamics and social hierarchies by creating a 'them' versus 'us' mentality, which can perpetuate stereotypes and exclusion.

Othering

Sociological process

psychological process

dominant group

Marginalization refers to the process by which certain groups or individuals are pushed to the edges of society, limiting their access to resources, rights, and opportunities. This exclusion can be based on various factors such as race, gender, socioeconomic status, or disability, and often results in systemic inequalities and social injustice.

marginalization

Discrimination involves unfair treatment of individuals or groups based on characteristics such as race, gender, age, or sexual orientation, rather than individual merit. It perpetuates inequality and can manifest in various forms, including institutional, structural, and interpersonal discrimination.

discrimination

Power dynamics refer to the ways in which power is distributed and exercised within relationships and social structures, influencing interactions and outcomes. Understanding power dynamics is crucial for analyzing social hierarchies, addressing inequalities, and fostering more equitable systems.

power dynamics

Social hierarchies are structured systems of ranking individuals or groups based on various attributes such as power, status, or wealth, influencing interactions and access to resources. These hierarchies are pervasive across societies and can perpetuate inequality, but they also provide order and predictability in social relations.

social hierarchies

'them' versus 'us' mentality

Stereotypes are oversimplified and widely held beliefs about the characteristics of a particular group, often leading to generalized assumptions that can influence perceptions and behaviors. While they can sometimes contain a kernel of truth, stereotypes are typically inaccurate and can perpetuate prejudice and discrimination by reinforcing existing social hierarchies and biases.

stereotypes

Exclusion refers to the systematic or intentional denial of access to resources, opportunities, or rights to individuals or groups, often based on characteristics such as race, gender, socioeconomic status, or disability. It can manifest in various forms, including social, economic, political, and educational exclusion, leading to marginalization and inequality in society.

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