A null reference occurs when a program attempts to access an object or variable that has not been initialized or has been explicitly set to null, leading to runtime errors. Proper handling of null references is crucial in programming to prevent crashes and ensure robust software, often involving checks or the use of nullable types and optional objects.

Null Reference

null reference

Runtime errors occur when a program is executed and encounters an issue that prevents it from continuing, often due to invalid operations or unanticipated input. These errors highlight the importance of robust error handling and thorough testing to ensure software reliability and user satisfaction.

runtime errors

Proper handling of null references

prevent crashes

robust software

checks

Nullable types allow a variable to have a null value, providing a way to represent the absence of a value in type-safe languages. This is particularly useful in database operations and optional data scenarios, reducing the risk of null reference errors by explicitly handling nullability.

nullable types

Optional Objects are a programming construct that encapsulate the presence or absence of a value, providing a safer alternative to null references by explicitly handling cases where values might be missing. They help prevent null pointer exceptions and encourage developers to write more robust and readable code through explicit checks and operations.

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