Calibration is the process of configuring an instrument to provide a result for a sample within an acceptable range, ensuring accuracy and precision in measurements. It involves comparing the measurements of a device under test with a standard or reference to detect, correlate, report, or eliminate by adjustment any variation in the accuracy of the instrument being calibrated.
Material properties are the characteristics that define the behavior and performance of a material under various conditions, influencing its suitability for specific applications. These properties are determined by the material's composition, structure, and the interactions at the atomic or molecular level, and they are critical in fields such as engineering, manufacturing, and materials science.