Concept
Lobachevskian geometry, also known as hyperbolic geometry, is a non-Euclidean geometry that arises when the parallel postulate of Euclidean geometry is replaced with the notion that through any point not on a given line, there are at least two distinct lines that do not intersect the given line. This geometry is characterized by a consistent set of axioms where the sum of angles in a triangle is less than 180 degrees, and it models a space of constant negative curvature.
Relevant Fields:
Concept
The thoracic spine is the central section of the vertebral column, consisting of twelve vertebrae that provide structural support and protect the spinal cord while allowing for limited movement. It plays a crucial role in maintaining posture and is a key component in the rib cage, contributing to respiratory function by attaching to the ribs.
Concept
The trapezius muscle is a large, triangular-shaped muscle that extends from the occipital bone to the lower thoracic vertebrae and laterally to the spine of the scapula. It is responsible for moving, rotating, and stabilizing the scapula and extending the neck, playing a crucial role in shoulder and neck movement.
Concept
The rhomboid muscles, located in the upper back, play a crucial role in stabilizing the scapula and facilitating shoulder movements. Proper functioning of these muscles is essential for maintaining good posture and preventing shoulder injuries.
Concept
The latissimus dorsi is a large, flat muscle on the back that plays a critical role in shoulder and arm movement, as well as maintaining proper posture. It is essential for actions such as pulling, lifting, and rotating the arms, making it a key muscle in both everyday activities and athletic performance.
Concept
The scapula, or shoulder blade, is a flat, triangular bone located in the upper back that plays a crucial role in shoulder mobility and stability by connecting the humerus (upper arm bone) with the clavicle (collarbone). It serves as an attachment site for multiple muscles, facilitating a wide range of arm movements and contributing to the overall function of the shoulder girdle.
Concept
Vertebrae are the individual interlocking bones that form the vertebral column, providing structural support and protection for the spinal cord in vertebrates. They play a crucial role in enabling flexibility and movement while also serving as an anchor for muscles and ligaments.
Concept
Intervertebral discs are fibrocartilaginous cushions serving as the spine's shock absorbers, situated between adjacent vertebrae. They consist of an outer fibrous ring, the annulus fibrosus, and a gel-like center, the nucleus pulposus, which together facilitate flexibility and load distribution in the vertebral column.
Concept
The spinal cord is a crucial component of the central nervous system, acting as a conduit for signals between the brain and the rest of the body. It plays a vital role in motor control, sensory perception, and reflex actions, making it essential for both voluntary and inVoluntary bodily functions.
Concept
Muscle fascia is a connective tissue that surrounds and separates muscles, providing structural support and enabling efficient movement by reducing friction between muscles. It plays a critical role in force transmission, proprioception, and maintaining muscular integrity, making it essential for both movement and overall musculoskeletal health.
Concept
Ligaments are strong, fibrous connective tissues that connect bones to other bones, providing stability and support to joints. They play a crucial role in maintaining the structural integrity of the skeletal system by limiting excessive movement and preventing dislocations.
Concept
The rhomboid major is a skeletal muscle located in the upper back that connects the spine to the medial border of the scapula. It plays a crucial role in retracting the scapula, stabilizing the shoulder blade, and aiding in movements such as pulling and lifting.
3