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Nuclear receptors are a class of proteins within cells that are responsible for sensing steroid and thyroid hormones and certain other molecules, and in turn regulate the expression of specific genes. They play a crucial role in development, metabolism, and homeostasis, making them significant targets for drug development in various diseases.
Adipogenesis is the process by which preadipocytes differentiate into mature adipocytes, playing a crucial role in energy storage and metabolic regulation. This process is tightly regulated by a cascade of transcription factors and signaling pathways, which are influenced by nutritional and hormonal cues.
Insulin sensitivity refers to how responsive the body's cells are to the hormone insulin, which regulates blood sugar levels. Higher Insulin sensitivity allows cells to use blood glucose more effectively, reducing the risk of developing type 2 diabetes and other metabolic disorders.
Inflammation is the body's complex biological response to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants, and is a protective attempt to remove the injurious stimuli and initiate the healing process. While acute inflammation is a vital part of the immune response, chronic inflammation can contribute to various diseases, including arthritis, cardiovascular diseases, and certain cancers.
Thiazolidinediones are a class of medications that improve insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes by activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), which regulate the expression of genes involved in glucose and lipid metabolism. They are used to control blood sugar levels but have been associated with significant side effects, including weight gain, fluid retention, and an increased risk of heart failure.
Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used to synthesize a functional gene product, typically proteins, which ultimately determine cellular function and phenotype. This process is tightly regulated at multiple levels, including transcription, RNA processing, translation, and post-translational modifications, to ensure proper cellular function and response to environmental cues.
Lipid metabolism encompasses the processes involved in the synthesis and degradation of lipids in cells, crucial for energy storage, membrane structure, and signaling. It includes pathways like fatty acid oxidation and synthesis, cholesterol metabolism, and the regulation of lipid levels in the body, impacting health conditions such as obesity, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic syndrome.
Transcription factors are proteins that regulate gene expression by binding to specific DNA sequences, thereby controlling the transfer of genetic information from DNA to mRNA. They play crucial roles in cellular processes such as development, differentiation, and response to environmental signals, making them essential for proper cellular function and organismal development.
Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of conditions that occur together, increasing the risk of heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes. It is characterized by a combination of high blood pressure, high blood sugar, excess body fat around the waist, and abnormal cholesterol or triglyceride levels.
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