John Locke was a 17th-century English philosopher whose ideas on empiricism and social contract theory significantly influenced the Enlightenment and the development of modern political philosophy. His belief in natural rights, including life, liberty, and property, laid the groundwork for democratic governance and inspired foundational documents like the United States Declaration of Independence.

John Locke

17th-century English philosopher

Empiricism is a philosophical approach that emphasizes the role of sensory experience and evidence from the senses in the formation of ideas, rather than innate ideas or traditions. It is fundamental to the scientific method, which relies on observation and experimentation to acquire knowledge.

empiricism

Social contract theory posits that individuals consent, either explicitly or implicitly, to surrender some of their freedoms and submit to the authority of a ruler or government in exchange for protection of their remaining rights. This theory serves as a foundational concept in political philosophy, explaining the origin of society and the legitimacy of state authority over the individual.

social contract theory

Enlightenment refers to both a historical intellectual movement in 18th-century Europe emphasizing reason, science, and individualism over tradition, and a spiritual awakening in various religious contexts characterized by profound insight and liberation from ignorance. In both senses, it advocates for the pursuit of knowledge, personal freedom, and the intrinsic value of human reason and experience.

Enlightenment

modern political philosophy

Natural rights are fundamental freedoms and privileges believed to be inherent to all humans, irrespective of any laws or government systems. Rooted in Enlightenment philosophy, they form the basis for modern human rights, emphasizing that these rights are inalienable and universal.

natural rights

life

Liberty is the principle that individuals have the right to act according to their own will, within the confines of the law, without undue restraint or interference from others or the state. It is a foundational concept in political philosophy, often associated with freedom, autonomy, and human rights, and is central to the functioning of democratic societies.

liberty

Property refers to the legal rights and interests that a person or entity has in a tangible or intangible item, encompassing ownership, use, and transferability. It is a fundamental concept in law and economics, influencing social structures and individual wealth distribution.

property

Democratic governance is a system of political leadership where decision-making power is distributed among elected representatives, ensuring accountability, transparency, and participation of citizens in the political process. It emphasizes the rule of law, protection of human rights, and the equitable distribution of resources to foster social justice and sustainable development.

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