Hofmann elimination is a chemical reaction that involves the conversion of quaternary ammonium salts into alkenes through the action of a strong base, typically at elevated temperatures. This reaction is characterized by the formation of the least substituted alkene, following the Hofmann rule, which is the opposite of the more common Zaitsev rule seen in other elimination reactions.

Hofmann Elimination

Hofmann elimination

Quaternary ammonium salts are ionic compounds derived from ammonium cations where all four hydrogen atoms are replaced with organic groups, making them permanently charged. These salts are widely used in disinfectants, fabric softeners, and as phase transfer catalysts due to their surfactant properties and ability to disrupt cell membranes.

quaternary ammonium salts

Alkenes are hydrocarbons that contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond, making them unsaturated compounds. They are reactive due to the presence of the double bond, which can undergo various chemical reactions such as addition reactions and polymerization.

alkenes

A strong base is a chemical compound that can completely dissociate in water to release hydroxide ions, resulting in a high pH solution. Strong bases are essential in various chemical reactions, including neutralization, where they react with acids to form water and salts.

strong base

elevated temperatures

least substituted alkene

Hofmann rule predicts that during elimination reactions, the least substituted alkene is favored as the major product. This contrasts with Zaitsev's rule and often occurs in reactions involving bulky bases or leaving groups, where steric hindrance plays a significant role.

Hofmann rule

Zaitsev rule

Elimination reactions are a type of organic reaction where two substituents are removed from a molecule, forming a double or triple bond. These reactions are crucial in organic synthesis, often competing with substitution reactions and are influenced by the structure of the substrate, the nature of the leaving group, and the reaction conditions.

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