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Multiprogramming is a method where multiple programs are loaded into memory and executed by the CPU concurrently to maximize resource utilization and throughput. This approach allows the CPU to switch between tasks, reducing idle time and improving system efficiency by keeping the CPU busy while waiting for I/O operations to complete.
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CPU scheduling is the process of determining which process in the ready queue is to be allocated the CPU next, optimizing the use of CPU time and improving system responsiveness. It is crucial for multitasking operating systems to ensure efficient process execution and resource management, balancing factors like throughput, turnaround time, and fairness.
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Context switching refers to the process of storing and restoring the state of a CPU so that multiple processes can share a single CPU resource efficiently. This operation is crucial for multitasking but can introduce overhead, impacting system performance if not managed properly.
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Interactive computing refers to a computing paradigm where the user and the system engage in a continuous dialogue, allowing for real-time feedback and dynamic interaction. This approach is crucial in applications requiring immediate user input and response, such as simulations, gaming, and data analysis tools.
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Batch processing is a method of executing a series of non-interactive jobs all at once, often used to automate repetitive tasks and manage large volumes of data efficiently. It allows for the scheduling of tasks during off-peak hours, optimizing system resources and reducing the need for human intervention.
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Resource allocation is the strategic distribution of available assets to various projects or departments to optimize efficiency and achieve organizational goals. It involves decision-making processes to ensure that limited resources are used effectively to maximize output and minimize waste.
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Virtual memory is a memory management technique that provides an 'idealized abstraction' of the storage resources available to a process, creating the illusion of a large, continuous memory space. It allows systems to use hardware and software to compensate for physical memory shortages, enabling efficient multitasking and isolation between processes.
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Concurrency control is a database management technique that ensures transactions are executed in a safe and consistent manner, even when multiple transactions occur simultaneously. It prevents conflicts and maintains data integrity by managing the interaction between concurrent transactions, ensuring that the system remains reliable and efficient.
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User interface design is the process of making interfaces in software or computerized devices with a focus on looks or style, aiming to create a user-friendly and intuitive experience. It involves balancing technical functionality and visual elements to create a system that is not only operational but also adaptable to the user's needs.
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System throughput measures the rate at which a system processes tasks or transactions over a specific period, reflecting its efficiency and capacity. It is critical for evaluating performance in various contexts, including computing, manufacturing, and telecommunications, where maximizing throughput often aligns with optimizing resource utilization and minimizing bottlenecks.
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Round Robin Scheduling is a pre-emptive CPU scheduling algorithm designed to allocate time slices to each process in equal portions and in circular order, ensuring fairness and reducing waiting time. It is particularly effective in time-sharing systems where each process needs an equal opportunity to execute, minimizing response time and avoiding starvation.
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