Hesitation phenomena refer to the pauses, fillers, and interruptions that occur in spontaneous speech, often reflecting cognitive processes such as planning, uncertainty, or retrieval of information. These phenomena can provide insights into a speaker's language proficiency, thought process, and emotional state, making them a valuable area of study in psycholinguistics and communication analysis.
Speech disfluency refers to interruptions in the flow of speech that can include hesitations, repetitions, or prolongations of sounds or words. These disruptions can occur in both typical speech and in speech disorders, affecting communication effectiveness and fluency perception.
Psycholinguistics is the interdisciplinary study of how language is processed and understood by the human mind, bridging psychology and linguistics to explore cognitive mechanisms underlying language acquisition, comprehension, and production. It examines how language is represented in the brain, how people learn and use language, and the psychological factors that influence language processing.
Additives in papermaking are essential substances introduced during the manufacturing process to enhance the paper's properties, such as strength, brightness, and printability. These additives can include fillers, sizing agents, and retention aids, each serving a specific function to improve the final product's quality and performance.