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International law is a body of rules and principles that governs the relations and interactions between sovereign states and other international actors. It aims to facilitate cooperation, maintain peace and security, and promote justice on a global scale, despite the absence of a centralized global authority.
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Breach of obligation occurs when a party fails to fulfill a duty imposed by a contract or legal requirement, leading to potential legal consequences. This breach can result in remedies such as damages, specific performance, or contract termination, depending on the severity and nature of the breach.
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Wrongful acts refer to actions or omissions that violate legal, ethical, or contractual obligations, causing harm or injury to another party. These acts can give rise to legal liability and may result in civil or criminal penalties, depending on the nature and severity of the violation.
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Reparation refers to the act of making amends for a wrong or harm done, often through compensation or restitution to the affected parties. It is a crucial component of transitional justice and seeks to address historical injustices and systemic inequalities by acknowledging harm and providing tangible redress.
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Attribution of conduct refers to the legal and philosophical process of determining which actions or behaviors can be ascribed to an individual or entity, particularly in contexts of responsibility and liability. This concept is crucial in international law, corporate law, and ethics, as it helps establish accountability and ensure that actions are appropriately linked to the responsible parties.
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Customary International Law consists of practices and norms that, through consistent and general practice by states, have become legally binding, even if not codified in written treaties. It reflects the collective understanding and expectations of the international community, requiring both state practice and opinio juris, the belief that such practice is legally obligatory.
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International treaties are formal agreements between countries that are legally binding under international law, serving as tools for cooperation and conflict resolution. They encompass a wide range of issues, including trade, peace, human rights, and environmental protection, and require negotiation, ratification, and implementation by the signatory states.
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Legal consequences refer to the outcomes or penalties that individuals or entities face as a result of violating laws or regulations. These consequences can vary widely, ranging from fines and community service to imprisonment or loss of rights, depending on the severity of the infraction and the legal jurisdiction involved.
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Sovereign immunity is a legal doctrine that protects governments and their agencies from being sued without their consent, rooted in the idea that the sovereign or state cannot commit a legal wrong. This principle is subject to various exceptions and modifications in different jurisdictions, allowing for certain cases where governments can be held accountable in court.
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Diplomatic protection is a principle in international law allowing a state to take diplomatic or legal action against another state on behalf of its nationals who have suffered injury due to internationally wrongful acts. This protection is discretionary and subject to the injured individual's exhaustion of local remedies in the offending state.
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The Genocide Convention, formally known as the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, is a landmark international treaty adopted by the United Nations in 1948 aimed at preventing and punishing the Crime of Genocide. It establishes genocide as an international crime, obligates signatory nations to prevent and punish acts of genocide, and provides a legal framework for international cooperation in prosecuting perpetrators.
Extraterritorial jurisdiction refers to a state's legal ability to exercise authority beyond its national borders, often to regulate conduct or enforce laws that have effects within its territory. This principle is crucial in addressing transnational issues like terrorism, cybercrime, and environmental protection, but it also raises complex questions about sovereignty and international law compliance.
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State succession refers to the legal and political process by which a new state assumes the rights and obligations of a predecessor state following changes like secession, annexation, or dissolution. It involves complex considerations of treaties, debts, and citizenship, often requiring international recognition and negotiation to ensure continuity and stability.
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Treaty obligations are legally binding commitments that states agree to uphold as part of international treaties, reflecting their consent to be governed by the terms of the agreement. These obligations are fundamental to maintaining international order and cooperation, as they ensure that states adhere to mutually agreed-upon standards and practices.
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A unilateral declaration is a statement made by a state or organization that asserts a position or intention without requiring agreement or negotiation with other parties. It is often used in international law to assert rights or clarify positions but can lead to disputes if perceived as overstepping or infringing on the rights of others.
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Liability in space refers to the legal responsibility for damage caused by space objects, governed primarily by international treaties like the Outer Space Treaty and the Liability Convention. It establishes that the launching state is liable for damages caused by its space objects on the surface of the Earth and to aircraft in flight, and for damages in outer space if it is at fault.
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The Liability Convention, formally known as the Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects, establishes the framework for determining liability and compensation for damage caused by space objects on Earth and in space. It assigns absolute liability to the launching state for damages on Earth and fault-based liability for damages in space, ensuring accountability and promoting responsible space exploration activities.
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Acta Jure Gestionis refers to the commercial activities of a state that are conducted in a manner similar to private entities, distinguishing them from sovereign acts. This principle is crucial in international law as it allows states to be subject to the jurisdiction of foreign courts in matters of commercial transactions, thereby limiting their sovereign immunity in such cases.
Torture and inhumane treatment refer to acts that intentionally inflict severe physical or mental pain and suffering for purposes such as obtaining information, punishment, or intimidation. These practices are universally condemned under international human rights law, yet they persist in various forms across the globe, often in contexts of conflict and authoritarian governance.
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State-sponsored terrorism refers to government support of violent non-state actors engaged in terrorism, often to achieve political, ideological, or strategic objectives. It involves financial, logistical, or operational assistance to groups that carry out acts of terrorism, blurring the lines between state and non-state violence.
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Public International Law governs the legal relations between sovereign states and other international actors, establishing frameworks for cooperation, conflict resolution, and the protection of human rights. It is primarily based on treaties, customary international law, and general principles recognized by civilized nations, and is enforced through a combination of diplomatic, economic, and sometimes military means.
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Exhaustion of local remedies is a principle in international law requiring that a complainant must first attempt to resolve their dispute through the legal system of the host state before seeking international remedies. This principle ensures that states have the opportunity to address grievances domestically, respecting their sovereignty and legal processes.
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International wrongful acts are actions or omissions attributable to a state that breach its international obligations, leading to state responsibility. These acts trigger the duty to cease the wrongful conduct and make full reparation for the injury caused by the breach.
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A breach of treaty occurs when a party to a treaty fails to fulfill its obligations as outlined in the agreement, undermining international trust and potentially leading to diplomatic or legal consequences. Addressing breaches often involves negotiation, arbitration, or adjudication to restore compliance and maintain international order.
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The 'Launching State' refers to the country responsible for the launch of a space object, bearing international legal obligations and liabilities under the Outer Space Treaty and the Liability Convention. This concept is crucial in determining accountability for damages caused by space objects and ensuring compliance with international space law.
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International obligations are commitments that countries undertake through treaties, conventions, and customary international law to uphold certain standards and behaviors in their interactions with other states and international entities. These obligations are crucial for maintaining global order, fostering cooperation, and ensuring compliance with international norms and human rights standards.
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Cessation and Non-repetition refers to the legal and moral obligations to stop ongoing violations of human rights and to ensure that such violations do not occur again in the future. It is a fundamental principle in international law, emphasizing the importance of accountability and the prevention of future harm.
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Multilateral treaties are agreements among three or more countries, designed to address issues that transcend national boundaries, such as environmental protection, human rights, and trade. They serve as a cornerstone for international law, fostering cooperation and establishing common standards and obligations among the signatory states.
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Unilateral withdrawal refers to the act of a party, typically a state or organization, deciding to withdraw from a treaty, agreement, or engagement without the consent or negotiation with the other parties involved. This action can significantly impact international relations, legal obligations, and the stability of agreements, often leading to diplomatic tensions or the need for renegotiation.
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Human rights obligations refer to the duties that states and other entities have to respect, protect, and fulfill human rights. These obligations are grounded in international law, including treaties and customary international law, and require actions to prevent human rights abuses and to provide remedies when violations occur.
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