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Non-excludability refers to a situation where it is not possible to prevent individuals from accessing or benefiting from a good or service once it has been provided. This characteristic is a defining feature of public goods, leading to challenges like the free-rider problem where individuals consume the good without contributing to its cost.
Non-rivalrous consumption refers to a situation where one person's use of a good does not diminish the ability of others to use it as well. This characteristic is typical of public goods and digital products, where consumption by one individual does not reduce availability to others.
The free rider problem occurs when individuals benefit from resources, goods, or services without paying for them, which leads to under-provision or depletion of those resources. This issue is prevalent in public goods and can undermine collective efforts, requiring mechanisms like taxation or regulation to ensure fair contribution and sustainability.
Collective action refers to the efforts of a group to achieve a common objective, often in the context of social, political, or economic goals, where individual contributions are coordinated to overcome challenges that cannot be addressed alone. It is essential for addressing public goods dilemmas and requires overcoming issues like free-riding and coordination problems to be effective.
Market failure occurs when the allocation of goods and services by a free market is not efficient, often leading to a net social welfare loss. This can result from various factors such as externalities, public goods, information asymmetries, and market power, necessitating potential government intervention to correct these inefficiencies.
Externalities are costs or benefits incurred by a third party as a result of an economic transaction, which are not reflected in the transaction's price. They can lead to market failures if not properly addressed, as the true social cost or benefit is not accounted for in the decision-making process.
Public goods provision refers to the process by which governments or organizations supply goods or services that are non-excludable and non-rivalrous, meaning they are available to all members of society without diminishing in availability as more people use them. This provision often requires government intervention due to market failures, as private markets typically lack incentives to produce these goods efficiently or at all.
The 'Tragedy of the Commons' is a situation in which individuals, acting in their own self-interest, deplete shared resources, leading to long-term collective detriment. This concept highlights the tension between individual benefits and collective sustainability, emphasizing the need for cooperative management of common resources.
Government intervention refers to the actions taken by a government to influence or directly manage economic or social outcomes, often to correct market failures, redistribute resources, or achieve social welfare objectives. While it can stabilize economies and promote equity, excessive intervention may lead to inefficiencies and reduced incentives for private sector innovation.
The ethics of public health involves balancing individual rights with the collective well-being of the population, ensuring that policies and interventions are just, equitable, and effective. It requires transparency, accountability, and community engagement to address health disparities and promote social justice.
The harm principle, articulated by John Stuart Mill, asserts that individual liberty should only be limited to prevent harm to others. It is a foundational idea in liberal political philosophy, emphasizing personal freedom while balancing societal safety and welfare.
Societal benefit refers to the positive impact that actions, policies, or innovations have on the well-being of a community or society as a whole. It encompasses improvements in quality of life, economic prosperity, environmental sustainability, and social equity, often requiring a balance between individual interests and the common good.
Public Policy Doctrine refers to the principle that certain legal decisions should not be enforced if they are contrary to the public interests or public good. This doctrine is often invoked in contract law, where agreements that harm societal values or welfare may be deemed unenforceable by courts.
The ethics of citizenship involves the moral obligations and responsibilities that individuals have towards their community and nation, balancing personal rights with the common good. It encompasses active participation in civic life, adherence to laws, and the promotion of justice and equality within society.
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