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Information theory is a mathematical framework for quantifying information, primarily focusing on data compression and transmission efficiency. It introduces fundamental concepts such as entropy, which measures the uncertainty in a set of outcomes, and channel capacity, which defines the maximum rate of reliable communication over a noisy channel.
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The Noisy Channel Coding Theorem, established by Claude Shannon, states that reliable communication is possible over a Noisy Channel up to a certain maximum rate known as the channel capacity. This theorem forms the foundation of information theory, demonstrating that error-free transmission can be achieved with arbitrarily low error probability if the transmission rate is below the channel capacity.
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Error correction is a process used to detect and correct errors in data transmission or storage, ensuring data integrity and reliability. It employs algorithms and techniques to identify discrepancies and restore the original data without needing retransmission.
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Load balancing is a method used to distribute network or application traffic across multiple servers to ensure no single server becomes overwhelmed, thereby improving responsiveness and availability. It is critical for optimizing resource use, maximizing throughput, and minimizing response time in distributed computing environments.
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Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) is an error-detecting code used to detect accidental changes to raw data in digital networks and storage devices. It operates by performing a polynomial division of the data's binary representation and appending the remainder as a checksum, ensuring data integrity during transmission or storage.
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Forward Error Correction (FEC) is a technique used in data transmission to detect and correct errors without needing retransmission, enhancing reliability in noisy communication channels. It involves encoding data with redundant bits, allowing the receiver to identify and correct errors using predefined algorithms, thus improving data integrity and efficiency in real-time communications.
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Steganography is the practice of concealing messages or information within other non-secret text or data, making it a form of covert communication. Unlike cryptography, which obscures the content of a message, steganography hides the very existence of the message itself, often embedding it within digital media such as images, audio, or video files.
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Error detection is a critical process in computing and data transmission that identifies and signals the presence of errors in data. It ensures data integrity and reliability by using algorithms and techniques to detect discrepancies between the received data and what was expected.
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Error Correction Code (ECC) is a method used in digital communications and data storage to detect and correct errors that occur during data transmission or storage, ensuring data integrity and reliability. By adding redundant bits, ECC algorithms can identify and correct a limited number of errors without requiring the original data to be retransmitted or rewritten.
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Tolerance for error is a principle in design and systems that anticipates potential mistakes and minimizes their consequences, thereby enhancing safety and usability. It ensures that systems are robust to human error, reducing the likelihood of negative outcomes and improving overall user experience.
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System limits refer to the boundaries within which a system operates effectively, beyond which its performance, stability, or safety cannot be guaranteed. Understanding these limits is crucial for optimizing system design, ensuring reliability, and preventing failures or inefficiencies.
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Recovery testing is a type of software testing that evaluates a system's ability to recover from crashes, hardware failures, or other catastrophic problems. It ensures that the system can return to a fully operational state within an acceptable time frame and without data loss after an unexpected failure.
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System resilience refers to the ability of a system to withstand, adapt to, and recover from disruptions or challenges, ensuring continuous functionality and performance. It involves proactive planning, robust design, and dynamic response mechanisms to mitigate the impact of unexpected events and maintain operational integrity.
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Shannon Entropy, introduced by Claude Shannon, is a measure of the uncertainty or unpredictability of information content in a set of possible outcomes. It quantifies the average amount of information produced by a stochastic source of data, serving as a foundational concept in information theory and data compression.
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Failure modes refer to the various ways in which a system, component, or process can fail, impacting its intended function. Understanding these modes is crucial for risk assessment and implementing effective mitigation strategies to enhance reliability and safety.
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Error recovery is a critical process in computing and communication systems that involves detecting, diagnosing, and correcting errors to ensure system reliability and data integrity. Effective Error recovery mechanisms can minimize downtime and prevent data loss, enhancing overall system performance and user experience.
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Hamming Code is an error-detecting and error-correcting code that allows for the detection of up to two-bit errors and correction of one-bit errors in data transmission. It uses a set of parity bits strategically placed within the data to achieve this, enhancing data reliability in digital communication systems.
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Switching operations involve the coordination and control of circuit paths within electrical systems or networks to manage the flow of electricity or data. These operations are crucial in ensuring the reliability and efficiency of power distribution and telecommunications networks by dynamically managing connections and rerouting paths as needed.
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Error detection and handling is a critical aspect of software development that ensures systems can identify, manage, and recover from errors gracefully, minimizing disruption and maintaining functionality. It involves implementing strategies to anticipate potential errors, log them for analysis, and provide user-friendly feedback or recovery options to maintain a seamless user experience.
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Error checking is a critical process in computing and data transmission that ensures the integrity and accuracy of data by identifying and correcting errors. It involves various techniques and algorithms to detect discrepancies and maintain data reliability, which is essential for system stability and performance.
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A single point of failure (SPOF) is a critical component in a system whose failure can cause the entire system to stop functioning. Identifying and mitigating SPOFs is crucial for improving system reliability and ensuring continuity of operations.
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Isolation of faults involves identifying and segregating malfunctioning components within a system to prevent them from affecting the rest of the system. This process enhances system reliability and facilitates efficient maintenance by ensuring that faults are contained and addressed promptly.
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A Content Delivery Network (CDN) is a system of distributed servers that deliver web content and applications to users based on their geographic location, the origin of the webpage, and the content delivery server. This approach enhances the performance, reliability, and speed of websites by minimizing latency and optimizing resource use.
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Link failure detection is a critical process in network management that ensures the prompt identification and resolution of connectivity issues to maintain optimal network performance. It involves monitoring network links for disruptions and implementing mechanisms to quickly detect and report failures, minimizing downtime and service interruptions.
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System interconnections refer to the integration and interaction between different systems or components, allowing them to function cohesively and share resources or information. These interconnections are crucial for achieving efficient communication, interoperability, and functionality in complex systems such as computer networks, power grids, and organizational structures.
Electrical system reliability refers to the ability of an electrical power system to deliver electricity consistently and without interruption, meeting the demand under both normal and adverse conditions. It involves the planning, operation, and maintenance of the system to minimize failures and ensure a stable power supply to consumers.
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Fault tolerance is the ability of a system to continue operating properly in the event of the failure of some of its components. It is achieved through redundancy, error detection, and recovery mechanisms, ensuring system reliability and availability despite hardware or software faults.
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Failure propagation refers to the process by which a failure in one part of a system leads to subsequent failures in other parts, potentially causing widespread disruption. Understanding and mitigating Failure propagation is crucial for designing resilient systems that can withstand and recover from unexpected disruptions.
Reliability and fault tolerance are critical attributes in system design, ensuring that a system continues to operate correctly even in the presence of faults or failures. These concepts are essential for maintaining system integrity, availability, and performance, particularly in mission-critical and high-availability environments.
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A system reset refers to the process of restoring a system to its original state, often to resolve malfunctions or improve performance. It is a critical operation in both computing and engineering, ensuring that systems can be returned to a stable and functional condition without persistent errors or inefficiencies.
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