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Filtration is a mechanical or physical process used to separate solids from liquids or gases by passing the mixture through a medium that retains the solid particles. It is a crucial step in various industrial, laboratory, and environmental applications to purify substances or recover valuable materials.
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Distillation is a separation process that utilizes differences in boiling points to separate components of a mixture into individual substances. It is widely used in both laboratory and industrial settings for purifying liquids or recovering solvents and essential oils from natural sources.
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Chromatography is a laboratory technique for the separation of a mixture into its individual components, based on the differential partitioning between the mobile and Stationary Phases. It is widely used in analytical chemistry for purifying substances and analyzing complex mixtures, such as in pharmaceuticals and environmental testing.
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Centrifugation is a laboratory technique used to separate particles from a solution based on their size, shape, and density by applying a high-speed rotational force. This process is essential in various fields such as biochemistry and molecular biology for isolating cells, subcellular organelles, viruses, proteins, and nucleic acids.
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Decantation is a process used to separate mixtures by removing a liquid layer that is free of precipitate or sediment. It is commonly employed in chemical laboratories and industries to separate liquid from solid particles or immiscible liquids with different densities.
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Evaporation is the process by which molecules transition from a liquid state to a gaseous state, occurring when molecules at the surface gain enough energy to overcome intermolecular forces. This process is crucial for the water cycle, influencing weather patterns and climate by contributing to cloud formation and precipitation.
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Magnetic separation is a process used to extract magnetic materials from a mixture using magnetic forces, commonly applied in mining and recycling industries to separate valuable metals from non-magnetic waste. The efficiency of the separation depends on the magnetic susceptibility of the materials, the strength of the magnetic field, and the particle size of the materials being separated.
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Sublimation is the phase transition in which a substance changes directly from a solid to a gas without passing through the liquid state, occurring under specific temperature and pressure conditions. This process is utilized in various applications such as freeze-drying, purification, and material processing, highlighting its significance in both natural and industrial contexts.
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Crystallization is a process by which a solid forms from a solution, melt, or more rarely, from a gas, where the atoms or molecules are highly organized into a structure known as a crystal. This process is widely used in chemical engineering and materials science to purify substances and to grow crystals for various applications, including pharmaceuticals and electronics.
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Solvent extraction is a separation process that involves the distribution of a solute between two immiscible liquid phases, typically an organic solvent and water. It is widely used in chemical engineering and metallurgy to purify and concentrate valuable components from mixtures, leveraging differences in solubility and partition coefficients.
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Sieving is a process of separating particles of different sizes by passing them through a mesh or screen. It is widely used in various industries to classify materials, ensure quality control, and prepare samples for further analysis.
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Sedimentation is the process by which particles suspended in a fluid settle out of the fluid due to gravity and accumulate as sediment. This natural process is fundamental in forming sedimentary rocks and can influence water quality in various ecosystems.
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A heterogeneous mixture consists of visibly different substances or phases, where the components are not uniformly distributed. Unlike homogeneous mixtures, the individual constituents of a heterogeneous mixture can often be separated by simple mechanical means due to their distinct physical properties.
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