Continuous distributions describe the probabilities of outcomes for continuous random variables, where the set of possible outcomes is uncountably infinite. These distributions are characterized by probability density functions (PDFs) and are integral in fields like statistics and machine learning for modeling real-world phenomena.
Permeability is a measure of how easily a fluid can flow through a porous material, and it is a critical property in fields like geology, civil engineering, and materials science. It is influenced by factors such as the size and connectivity of the pores, the viscosity of the fluid, and the pressure gradient driving the flow.
Hysteresis refers to the phenomenon where the state of a system depends on its history, particularly evident in systems that do not immediately follow changes in external forces. This concept is crucial in understanding how materials and systems exhibit memory effects, leading to different outcomes based on past interactions or conditions.
Ferromagnetism is a fundamental physical phenomenon where certain materials, like iron, exhibit strong magnetic properties due to the alignment of their atomic magnetic moments in the same direction. This alignment results in a net magnetic field, which can be retained even after an external magnetic field is removed, making ferromagnetic materials essential in various technological applications such as data storage and electromagnets.