Beyond the Standard Model refers to theoretical frameworks and ideas in particle physics that aim to address the limitations and unexplained phenomena not accounted for by the Standard Model, such as dark matter, neutrino masses, and the hierarchy problem. These theories explore new particles, forces, and symmetries that could provide a more comprehensive understanding of the fundamental forces and constituents of the universe.

Beyond The Standard Model

Beyond the Standard Model

Theoretical frameworks are structured sets of concepts and propositions that provide a systematic view of phenomena by specifying relations among variables. They guide research by offering a lens through which data can be interpreted and help in the formulation of hypotheses and research questions.

theoretical frameworks

Particle physics is the branch of physics that studies the fundamental constituents of matter and the forces that govern their interactions. By exploring subatomic particles like quarks, leptons, and gauge bosons, it seeks to understand the underlying principles of the universe, often through high-energy experiments like those conducted in particle accelerators.

particle physics

limitations and unexplained phenomena

The Standard Model is a fundamental theory in physics that describes the electromagnetic, weak, and strong nuclear interactions, which govern the behavior of all known subatomic particles. It successfully unifies three of the four fundamental forces of nature, but does not include gravity, and predicts the existence of particles like the Higgs boson, which was confirmed experimentally in 2012.

Standard Model

Dark matter is a form of matter that does not emit, absorb, or reflect light, making it invisible and detectable only through its gravitational effects on visible matter. It is believed to constitute approximately 27% of the universe, influencing the structure and evolution of galaxies and galaxy clusters.

dark matter

Neutrino masses are a fundamental aspect of particle physics, indicating that neutrinos, previously thought to be massless, have a very small but non-zero mass. This discovery has profound implications for the Standard Model of particle physics, cosmology, and our understanding of the universe's matter-antimatter asymmetry.

neutrino masses

The Hierarchy Problem in physics refers to the question of why gravity is exponentially weaker than the other fundamental forces, particularly when considering the Higgs boson mass and the Planck scale. This discrepancy suggests that there might be new physics beyond the Standard Model, such as supersymmetry or extra dimensions, that could explain this imbalance.

hierarchy problem

new particles

forces

Symmetries are fundamental properties of objects or systems that remain invariant under certain transformations, such as rotations, translations, or reflections. They play a crucial role in various fields of science and mathematics, providing insights into the conservation laws and simplifying complex problems by revealing underlying patterns and structures.

symmetries

comprehensive understanding

Fundamental forces are the essential interactions that govern the behavior of particles and the structure of matter in the universe. There are four known fundamental forces: gravitational, electromagnetic, strong nuclear, and weak nuclear, each with distinct characteristics and roles in physical processes.

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