BCS Theory, formulated by Bardeen, Cooper, and Schrieffer in 1957, is the first microscopic theory explaining superconductivity, describing how electron pairs, known as Cooper pairs, form and move without resistance through a crystal lattice. This theory revolutionized the understanding of low-temperature physics by introducing the concept of an energy gap in the electronic density of states, accounting for the phenomenon of zero electrical resistance and the expulsion of magnetic fields in superconductors.

BCS Theory

Bardeen

Cooper

Schrieffer

Superconductivity is a quantum mechanical phenomenon where a material exhibits zero electrical resistance and expulsion of magnetic fields below a critical temperature. This allows for highly efficient energy transmission and powerful magnetic applications, but practical use is limited by the need for extremely low temperatures or high pressures.

superconductivity

electron pairs

Cooper pairs are bound states of two electrons that enable the phenomenon of superconductivity by allowing them to move through a lattice without resistance. They form due to attractive interactions mediated by lattice vibrations, leading to a collective quantum state that can carry electrical current indefinitely without energy loss.

Cooper pairs

Resistance is the opposition that a substance offers to the flow of electric current, measured in ohms. It is a fundamental concept in physics and engineering, affecting how electrical circuits function and influencing the design of electronic components.

resistance

A crystal lattice is a highly ordered structure consisting of a repeating pattern of atoms, ions, or molecules in three-dimensional space, which gives rise to the unique properties of crystalline solids. Understanding the geometry and symmetry of crystal lattices is crucial for determining the material's physical properties, such as conductivity, strength, and optical characteristics.

crystal lattice

Low-temperature physics explores the behavior and properties of materials at temperatures close to absolute zero, where quantum mechanical effects become significant. This field has led to the discovery of phenomena such as superconductivity and superfluidity, which have profound theoretical and practical implications.

low-temperature physics

energy gap

electronic density of states

Zero electrical resistance is a phenomenon where electrical current flows without any energy loss, typically observed in superconductors below a certain critical temperature. This property allows for highly efficient power transmission and the creation of powerful magnetic fields without the heat generation associated with conventional conductors.

zero electrical resistance

Magnetic fields are invisible forces generated by electric currents and magnetic materials, influencing the behavior of charged particles in their vicinity. They play a crucial role in various natural phenomena and technological applications, from Earth's magnetosphere to electromagnetic devices.

magnetic fields

Superconductors are materials that can conduct electricity without resistance when cooled below a certain critical temperature, leading to highly efficient energy transmission. They also exhibit the Meissner effect, which expels magnetic fields, allowing for applications like magnetic levitation and advanced medical imaging technologies.

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