A Barium Swallow Study is a diagnostic imaging procedure used to visualize the esophagus and assess its function and structure by having the patient swallow a barium sulfate solution, which coats the lining of the esophagus and makes it visible on X-rays. It is commonly used to diagnose conditions such as dysphagia, esophageal strictures, and hiatal hernias, providing critical information about swallowing mechanics and potential obstructions.