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Immunology is the branch of biomedical science that studies the immune system, which protects the body from diseases by identifying and neutralizing pathogens like bacteria, viruses, and parasites. It encompasses both innate and adaptive immunity, with applications in vaccine development, allergy treatment, and autoimmune disease management.
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Passive immunity involves the transfer of active humoral immunity in the form of ready-made antibodies from one individual to another, providing immediate but temporary protection against pathogens. This type of immunity can occur naturally, such as through maternal antibodies transferred to a fetus, or artificially, such as through the administration of immunoglobulin therapies.
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Antibodies are specialized proteins produced by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign invaders like bacteria and viruses. They are highly specific, binding to unique antigens on the surface of these pathogens, which aids in their elimination from the body.
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Biological therapy, also known as immunotherapy, harnesses the body's immune system to fight diseases, particularly cancer, by enhancing or restoring its natural defenses. This approach includes treatments like monoclonal antibodies, cancer vaccines, and cytokine therapies, offering targeted interventions with potentially fewer side effects compared to traditional therapies.
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Infectious diseases are disorders caused by pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, parasites, or fungi, which can spread directly or indirectly between individuals. Understanding their transmission dynamics, prevention, and treatment is crucial to public health and the mitigation of outbreaks.
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Passive immunization involves the transfer of pre-formed antibodies to an individual, providing immediate but temporary protection against infections or toxins. It is distinct from active immunization, which stimulates the body's own immune system to produce a long-lasting immune response.
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Foodborne botulism is a rare but serious illness caused by ingesting the botulinum toxin, which is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum in improperly stored or prepared food. It can lead to paralysis and requires immediate medical attention, as it can be fatal if untreated.
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Diphtheria is a serious bacterial infection caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, primarily affecting the mucous membranes of the throat and nose. It can lead to severe complications, including heart failure and paralysis, but is preventable through vaccination.
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