Unpaired electrons are electrons that occupy an atomic or molecular orbital alone, rather than being paired with an electron of opposite spin. These unpaired electrons are responsible for the paramagnetic properties of substances and play a crucial role in chemical reactivity and bond formation.

Unpaired Electrons

Unpaired electrons

atomic or molecular orbital

opposite spin

paramagnetic properties

Chemical reactivity refers to the tendency of a substance to engage in chemical reactions, determined by factors such as electron configuration, bond energies, and molecular structure. Understanding reactivity is crucial for predicting reaction outcomes and designing chemical processes in fields like pharmaceuticals, materials science, and energy production.

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