The Thomson effect describes the phenomenon where a temperature gradient along a conductor carrying an electric current results in the absorption or evolution of heat, depending on the direction of the current relative to the temperature gradient. This effect is one of the three thermoelectric effects, alongside the Seebeck and Peltier effects, and it provides insights into the relationship between thermal and electrical conductivities in materials.

Thomson Effect

Thomson effect

A temperature gradient is the rate of temperature change in a particular direction, often measured per unit distance. It is a critical factor in various natural and engineered processes, influencing heat transfer, weather patterns, and ocean currents.

temperature gradient

Electric current is the flow of electric charge through a conductor, typically measured in amperes. It is a fundamental aspect of electricity, enabling the operation of electrical devices and the transmission of power across distances.

electric current

absorption or evolution of heat

direction of the current

Thermoelectric effects refer to the direct conversion between thermal and electrical energy, enabling the generation of electricity from temperature differences or the creation of temperature differences from electrical currents. These effects are pivotal in developing energy-efficient technologies and have applications in power generation, refrigeration, and temperature measurement.

thermoelectric effects

The Seebeck effect is a phenomenon where a voltage is generated across two dissimilar conductors or semiconductors when there is a temperature difference between them. This effect is the basis for thermoelectric generators, which convert heat directly into electrical energy, and is crucial in temperature sensing applications like thermocouples.

Seebeck Effect

The Peltier effect is a thermoelectric phenomenon where heat is absorbed or released at the junction of two different conductors when an electric current passes through. This effect is utilized in thermoelectric cooling and heating applications, where temperature control is achieved without moving parts or refrigerants.

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