Thermodynamic equilibrium is a state where a system's macroscopic properties remain constant over time, with no net flow of energy or matter. It implies that the system is in thermal, mechanical, and chemical equilibrium, ensuring uniform temperature, pressure, and chemical potential throughout.

Thermodynamic Equilibrium

Thermodynamic equilibrium

Macroscopic properties are the large-scale characteristics of a system that arise from the collective behavior of its microscopic components. These properties, such as temperature, pressure, and volume, are typically measurable and provide insight into the system's overall state and behavior without requiring detailed knowledge of its individual particles.

macroscopic properties

net flow of energy

Net flow of matter

Thermal equilibrium is a state in which two or more objects in thermal contact no longer exchange energy through heat, resulting in a uniform temperature across the system. It is a fundamental concept in thermodynamics that underlies the zeroth law, which allows the definition of temperature scales.

Thermal Equilibrium

Mechanical equilibrium occurs when an object or system is at rest or moving with constant velocity, meaning the sum of all forces and torques acting on it are zero. This state ensures that there is no net change in motion, making it a fundamental principle in understanding static and dynamic systems in physics.

Mechanical Equilibrium

Chemical equilibrium is the state in a reversible chemical reaction where the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction, resulting in no net change in the concentrations of reactants and products. It is dynamic, meaning that the reactions continue to occur, but because they occur at the same rate, the concentrations remain constant over time.

chemical equilibrium

uniform temperature

Uniform pressure refers to the condition where pressure is evenly distributed across a surface or within a fluid, leading to a state of equilibrium where no net force is exerted in any particular direction. This principle is fundamental in understanding fluid mechanics, structural engineering, and atmospheric sciences, as it underpins the behavior of gases and liquids under various conditions.

Uniform Pressure

Chemical potential is a measure of the change in a system's energy when an additional particle is introduced, keeping temperature and volume constant, and it plays a crucial role in determining the direction of chemical reactions and phase transitions. It is a fundamental concept in thermodynamics and statistical mechanics, providing insight into how substances distribute themselves in different phases and react chemically.

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