Thermal motion refers to the random movement of particles within a substance due to their thermal energy, which increases with temperature. This motion is fundamental to understanding phenomena such as diffusion, heat conduction, and the kinetic theory of gases.

Thermal Motion

Thermal motion

random movement of particles

Thermal energy is the internal energy present in a system due to the random motions of its particles, often associated with temperature and heat transfer. It plays a crucial role in thermodynamics, influencing how energy is transferred and transformed in physical processes.

thermal energy

Heat conduction is the transfer of thermal energy within a material or between materials in direct contact, occurring due to the temperature gradient. This process is governed by Fourier's Law, which states that the heat transfer rate is proportional to the negative gradient of temperature and the material's thermal conductivity.

heat conduction

The Kinetic Theory of Gases explains the macroscopic properties of gases by considering their molecular composition and motion. It assumes that gases consist of a large number of small particles in constant, random motion, and that the pressure exerted by a gas results from collisions of the particles with the walls of the container.

kinetic theory of gases

Diffusion is the process by which particles spread from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration, driven by the kinetic energy of the particles. It is a fundamental mechanism in various natural and artificial processes, influencing everything from cellular respiration to the distribution of pollutants in the environment.

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