Spectral leakage occurs when a signal is not periodic within the observation window, causing its Fourier transform to spread energy across multiple frequency bins. This effect can distort frequency analysis, making it challenging to accurately interpret the true spectral content of the signal.

Spectral Leakage

Spectral leakage

signal

periodic

observation window

The Fourier transform is a mathematical operation that transforms a time-domain signal into its constituent frequencies, providing a frequency-domain representation. It is a fundamental tool in signal processing, physics, and engineering, allowing for the analysis and manipulation of signals in various applications.

Fourier transform

Energy is a fundamental property of the universe that can neither be created nor destroyed, only transformed from one form to another. It is the driving force behind all physical processes and is essential for the functioning of both natural and engineered systems.

energy

frequency bins

Frequency analysis is a cryptanalysis technique used to break ciphers by studying the frequency of letters or groups of letters in a ciphertext. It exploits the predictable patterns in language to reveal the original message, especially effective against simple substitution ciphers.

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