Polymers are large molecules composed of repeating structural units called monomers, which are covalently bonded to form long chains or networks. They exhibit diverse properties and applications, ranging from plastics and rubbers to biological macromolecules like DNA and proteins.

Polymer

Polymers are large molecules composed of repeating structural units called monomers, which are covalently bonded to form long chains. They exhibit diverse properties and functions depending on their chemical composition and structure, making them essential in various applications from plastics to biological systems.

Polymers

large molecules

repeating structural units

Monomers are the basic building blocks of polymers, which are large molecules composed of repeating structural units. Understanding monomers is crucial for fields like chemistry and materials science, as they determine the properties and functions of the resulting polymers.

monomers

covalently bonded

long chains

networks

diverse properties

applications

plastics

rubbers

Biological macromolecules are large, complex molecules that are critical for life, serving as the building blocks of cells and performing a wide range of functions essential to biological processes. They include proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids, each with unique structures and roles in cellular activities such as catalysis, genetic information storage, energy provision, and structural support.

biological macromolecules

DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the hereditary material in almost all living organisms, encoding the genetic instructions used in their development, functioning, growth, and reproduction. It is composed of two strands that coil around each other to form a double helix, carrying the genetic information in sequences of four types of nucleotides: adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine.

Proteins are complex macromolecules essential for various biological functions, including catalyzing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, and transporting molecules. They are composed of amino acids linked in a specific sequence, which determines their structure and function.

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