mRNA processing is a crucial step in gene expression where precursor mRNA is modified to become mature mRNA, ready for translation into proteins. This process involves capping, polyadenylation, and splicing, ensuring that the mRNA is stable, export-ready, and correctly coded for protein synthesis.

MRNA Processing

mRNA processing

Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used to synthesize a functional gene product, typically proteins, which ultimately determine cellular function and phenotype. This process is tightly regulated at multiple levels, including transcription, RNA processing, translation, and post-translational modifications, to ensure proper cellular function and response to environmental cues.

gene expression

precursor mRNA

mature mRNA

translation into proteins

capping

Polyadenylation is a post-transcriptional modification process in eukaryotic cells where a poly(A) tail is added to the 3' end of an RNA molecule, enhancing its stability and facilitating its transport and translation. This process is crucial for the regulation of gene expression and the maturation of messenger RNA (mRNA).

polyadenylation

Splicing is a molecular biology process where introns are removed and exons are joined together in pre-mRNA to form mature mRNA, which is then translated into proteins. This process is essential for gene expression regulation and allows for alternative splicing, increasing protein diversity from a single gene.

splicing

mRNA stability is crucial for regulating gene expression levels, as it determines the lifespan of mRNA molecules in the cell, thereby influencing protein synthesis. Factors such as sequence elements, RNA-binding proteins, and microRNAs play significant roles in modulating mRNA decay and stability, impacting cellular responses and development.

MRNA Stability

Export-ready mRNA

Protein synthesis is the cellular process through which genetic information is translated into functional proteins, essential for cellular structure and function. It involves two main stages: transcription, where DNA is converted into mRNA, and translation, where mRNA is decoded by ribosomes to assemble amino acids into polypeptide chains.

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