Liquid helium is a phase of helium that is a critical tool in cryogenics and scientific research due to its extremely low boiling point, close to absolute zero. It is unique in that it remains liquid at absolute zero under standard pressure, exhibiting properties of superfluidity and superconductivity, making it essential for cooling superconducting magnets and investigating quantum mechanical phenomena.

Liquid Helium

Phase of helium

Cryogenics is the study and application of materials at extremely low temperatures, typically below -150 degrees Celsius, to observe and utilize unique physical properties that emerge at these temperatures. This field has significant applications in various industries, including medicine, space exploration, and superconductivity, by enabling technologies such as cryopreservation, cryosurgery, and the creation of superconducting materials.

Cryogenics

Scientific research is like a big treasure hunt where scientists try to find answers to questions about the world. They use special tools and follow steps to make sure their findings are true and helpful.

Scientific Research

Low boiling point

Absolute zero is the theoretical temperature at which a system's entropy reaches its minimum value, and molecular motion comes to a complete halt. It is a fundamental limit in thermodynamics, representing 0 Kelvin or -273.15 degrees Celsius, where no further thermal energy can be extracted from a substance.

Absolute Zero

Unique Properties

Standard pressure

Superfluidity is a phase of matter characterized by the complete absence of viscosity, allowing it to flow without dissipating energy. It typically occurs at very low temperatures in certain liquids like helium-4, where quantum mechanical effects become significant on a macroscopic scale.

Superfluidity

Superconductivity is a quantum mechanical phenomenon where a material exhibits zero electrical resistance and expulsion of magnetic fields below a critical temperature. This allows for highly efficient energy transmission and powerful magnetic applications, but practical use is limited by the need for extremely low temperatures or high pressures.

Concepts

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