Internal validity refers to the extent to which a study can demonstrate a causal relationship between variables, free from confounding factors. It ensures that the observed effects in an experiment are attributable to the manipulation of the independent variable rather than other extraneous variables.

Internal Validity

Internal validity

A causal relationship implies that a change in one variable directly results in a change in another, establishing a cause-and-effect link. Determining causality often requires rigorous experimentation or statistical analysis to rule out confounding variables and ensure that the observed effect is not due to chance or external factors.

causal relationship

confounding factors

observed effects

An experiment is a structured and controlled method of investigation used to test hypotheses, establish causation, and gather empirical data. It involves manipulating variables to observe effects and draw conclusions about the relationships between them, often employing a control group for comparison.

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