Fermions are subatomic particles that follow Fermi-Dirac statistics and are characterized by having half-integer spin values. They obey the Pauli exclusion principle, which states that no two fermions can occupy the same quantum state simultaneously, making them fundamental to the structure of matter.

Fermions

Subatomic particles are the fundamental constituents of matter, existing within atoms and comprising protons, neutrons, and electrons. Understanding their interactions and properties is crucial for exploring the nature of matter and the forces governing the universe.

subatomic particles

Fermi-Dirac statistics describe the distribution of particles over energy states in systems that obey the Pauli exclusion principle, such as electrons in a metal. It is crucial for understanding the behavior of fermions at thermal equilibrium, particularly at low temperatures where quantum effects become significant.

Fermi-Dirac statistics

half-integer spin values

The Pauli Exclusion Principle, formulated by Wolfgang Pauli in 1925, states that no two fermions can occupy the same quantum state simultaneously within a quantum system. This principle is fundamental in explaining the structure of atoms and the behavior of electrons in atoms, leading to the diverse properties of matter.

Pauli exclusion principle

A quantum state is a mathematical object that fully describes a quantum system, encapsulating all its possible information, such as position, momentum, and spin. It is typically represented by a wave function or a state vector in a complex Hilbert space, and its evolution is governed by the Schrödinger equation.

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