Confounding variables are extraneous variables that correlate with both the independent and dependent variables, potentially leading to a false inference about the relationship between them. Properly identifying and controlling for confounders is crucial in research to ensure that the observed effects are genuinely due to the independent variable and not influenced by these hidden factors.

Confounding Variables

Confounding variables

extraneous variables

An independent variable is a factor in an experiment or study that is manipulated or controlled to observe its effect on a dependent variable. It is essential for establishing causal relationships and is typically plotted on the x-axis in graphs.

independent variable

Dependent variables are the outcomes or responses that researchers measure in an experiment to assess the effect of independent variables. They provide insight into causal relationships by reflecting changes that occur due to manipulations in the experimental setup.

dependent variables

false inference

observed effects

controlling for confounders

hidden factors

Research methodology refers to the systematic, theoretical analysis of the methods applied to a field of study, encompassing the principles, procedures, and techniques used to collect and analyze information. It provides a framework for the research process, ensuring the validity, reliability, and accuracy of the findings while aligning with the research objectives.

Research Methodology

Statistical correlation measures the strength and direction of a linear relationship between two variables, indicating how one variable may change as the other variable changes. It is quantified by the correlation coefficient, which ranges from -1 to 1, where values close to -1 or 1 signify a strong relationship, and values near 0 indicate a weak or no linear relationship.

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