Cathode rays are streams of electrons observed in vacuum tubes, which were crucial in the discovery of the electron and the development of early atomic models. They are produced when a high voltage is applied across electrodes in a vacuum, causing electrons to be emitted from the cathode and travel towards the anode.

Cathode Ray

Cathode rays

streams of electrons

Vacuum tubes are electronic components that control electric current between electrodes in an evacuated container, once essential in early computers, radios, and televisions before being largely replaced by transistors. Despite their obsolescence in most electronic devices, they are still valued for their unique sound qualities in audio equipment and their ability to handle high power in certain applications.

vacuum tubes

discovery of the electron

early atomic models

High voltage refers to electrical energy at voltages significantly above standard levels, typically above 1000 volts for alternating current and 1500 volts for direct current, used in power transmission and industrial applications. It requires special safety measures and equipment to manage the increased risk of electrical arcing and insulation breakdown.

high voltage

Electrodes are conductive materials that facilitate the flow of electrical current in and out of a medium, playing a crucial role in various electrochemical processes and devices. They are essential in applications ranging from batteries and fuel cells to medical devices and sensors, where they enable the transfer of electrons between different phases.

electrodes

A vacuum is a space devoid of matter, where the pressure is significantly lower than atmospheric pressure, often achieved artificially in laboratory settings. It plays a crucial role in various scientific and industrial applications, including physics experiments, electronics manufacturing, and space exploration.

vacuum

Electrons are subatomic particles with a negative electric charge, fundamental to the structure of atoms and the flow of electricity. They play a crucial role in chemical bonding and are key to understanding quantum mechanics and electromagnetic interactions.

electrons

A cathode is the electrode through which electric current flows out of a polarized electrical device. In electrochemical cells, it is the site of reduction reactions, attracting cations or positive charges from the electrolyte.

Cathode

The anode is the electrode where oxidation occurs in an electrochemical cell, and it is crucial for the flow of electrons in the circuit. In galvanic cells, it is the negative terminal, while in electrolytic cells, it is the positive terminal, demonstrating its role in different types of electrochemical reactions.

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