Baryon Acoustic Oscillations (BAO) are periodic fluctuations in the density of the visible baryonic matter of the universe, caused by acoustic density waves in the early universe. These oscillations serve as a 'standard ruler' for measuring cosmic distances, helping to map the expansion history of the universe and providing insights into dark energy.

Baryon Acoustic Oscillations

periodic fluctuations

density of the visible baryonic matter

acoustic density waves

The early universe refers to the period immediately following the Big Bang, characterized by rapid expansion and cooling that led to the formation of fundamental particles and eventually atoms. This era set the stage for the development of cosmic structures such as galaxies, stars, and planets through processes governed by fundamental forces and cosmic inflation.

early universe

A standard ruler is an astronomical object or phenomenon with a known physical size, used to measure distances in the universe by comparing its actual size to its apparent size as seen from Earth. This method is crucial for determining the scale of the universe and understanding its expansion rate.

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